Diabetes — diagnosis and treatment in São Paulo

Fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% or an oral glucose tolerance test ≥ 200 mg/dL after 2 hours. Confirmation with two tests is usually required, except when there is clear hyperglycaemia with classic symptoms.

Without lifestyle changes, about 5–10% of people with prediabetes progress each year. Losing 5–7% of body weight, exercising regularly and adjusting eating habits reverse most cases and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by up to 58%.

Semaglutide and tirzepatide are GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 agents approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity, with proven cardiovascular and kidney benefit. The indication is individual and requires medical follow-up.

In most situations, yes. Continuous monitoring shows time in range, variability and alerts for low and high glucose. Finger-prick testing is still used in specific situations, such as when symptoms do not match the sensor reading.

Not yet. Current treatment uses insulin (pens or pumps), sensors and diabetes education. Research on cell therapy and immune modulation is advancing, but careful control to prevent complications remains the mainstay.